Many pfas can exist in various ionic states for example, acids, anions, cations, which has important implications for their chemical and physical properties. The refrigerants should be non poisonous to humans and food stuff. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants 4a 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane and 123 1, 1dichloro2, 2, 2trif luoroethane. Opteon refrigerants low global warming potential refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration. Refrigerant properties application ranges overview lubricants to the digital refrigerant report. Write the chemical formula of a refrigerant from its number. List important thermodynamic and environmental properties influencing refrigerant selection. R32 has a gwp about one third that of r410a, and it has excellent properties. Pdf thermophysical properties of refrigerants majd hammad. Guidelines for the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in. The flood of the airconditioner, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and. If refrigerant oil did the same thingthat is, if it remained in the compressor crankcaseit would eliminate many oilrelated problems in refrigeration systems. Uses hcfc123 is a viable replacement for cfc11 as a refrigerant and as a heattransfer fluid. Desirable properties of refrigerants used in refrigeration applications like physical, chemical, environmental properties including economic.
R4a is the nonflammable and nonexplosive, has toxicity within limits and good chemical stability. Freon 4a chemical information chemical name 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane molecular formula ch 2 fcf 3 cas registry number 811972 molecular weight 102. Compare different refrigerants and suggest replacements for cfcs and hcfcs 26. List of hcfc refrigerants the table below details a wide list of hcfc refrigerants that are subject to regulations driven by the montreal protocol. A blend that contains a cfc and any other product is still considered a cfc refrigerant. Journal of physical and chemical viscosity reference data 341. The r number of a chemical refrigerant is assigned systematically according to molecular structure. This is another reason to avoid the use of the more generic acronym, pfc, which can include these nonpfas. In fact, from the thermodynamic or heatcarrying standpoint, differences among refrigerants with similar boiling points are small. Pdf seminar is focused on the fundamentals of vapor compression. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless.
In this video,i have explained refrigerant selection criteria or properties of refrigerant. Dupont hcfc123 properties, uses, storage, and handling. The general conclusion of the thesis is that the refrigerant affects all of the measured properties negatively on the subject of lubrication and life of the rolling element bearing. The refrigerants should be chemically stable as long as they are inside the refrigeration system. It is much less expensive than some other refrigerants. Common cfc refrigerants are r11, r12, r, r1, r114, and r115. Hfc125 hfc143a hfc4a freon 404a r404a, wt% 44 52 4 the individual components of the three mixtures are listed in table 1 to show their chemical names and formulae.
Refrigerant r4a is a hydro fluorocarbon hfc that has zero potential to cause the depletion of the ozone layer and very little greenhouse effect. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressure most cfc. Reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties. Naming conventions and physical and chemical properties of. The properties of some of the common refrigerants in use are given below. Hydrofluoroolefin indicates that the refrigerant is comprised of hydrogen, fluorine, carbon, and that there is at least one unsaturated double bond between two carbons olefin structure. A blend of an hfo with another type of refrigerant is typically combined with a slash example. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. Chemical stability under conditions of use is another equally. Refrigerants are used primarily in refrigeratorsfreezers, airconditioning, and fire suppression systems. Chemical name 2,2dichloro1,1,1trifluoroethane molecular formula cf3chcl2 molecular weight 152. Positively innovative refrigerants r32 daikin chemical europe. The chemical properties of freon 4a are listed below.
In an automotive engine, motor oil stays in the crankcase where it belongs. Chemical, physical, and environmental properties of ashrae. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant. At atmospheric pressure it boils at 33c and is therefore suitable for low temperature work. Introduction to refrigerants part i for iit kanpur. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Opteon refrigerants for air conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump applications have the optimal balance of performance, environmental sustainability, safety, and cost.
The physical properties of refrigerants are as follows. Refrigerants r407c and r407a properties, uses, storage. In addition, the physical properties of the freon hp refrigerants are listed in table. Physical and chemical properties this fact sheet uses three conventions worth highlighting.
The table is sortable by each of the following refrigerant properties scroll right or reduce magnification to view more properties. In this i explained various properties of refrigerant and how to. Boiling point documents giving boiling point of elements and different kind of chemical species at varying conditions. Almost all the excel addins that have been developed so far for educational purposes either deal with a particular fluid or a small group. An important property of a secondary refrigerant is its freezing point. Refrigerant r4a properties, uses, storage, and handling. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. Desirable chemical and safe ty properties comprise chemical stability within the. Most of the new refrigerants, from r12 in the 1930s to r1234yf in the early 2000s, were reported in the chemical literature decades before they were considered as refrigerants. Refrigerant development and legal situation stratospheric ozone depletion as well as atmospheric greenhouse effect due to refriger. Phase equilibria of difluoromethane r32, 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane r4a, and trans1,3,3,3tetrafluoro1propene r1234zee probed by experimental measurements and monte carlo simulations. Chlorofluorocarbon indicates that the refrigerant is comprised of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. Rated based on its effect on human beings over specified periods. Ammonia is also somewhat flammable and becomes explosive when mixed with air in the ratio of 16 to 25 % of gas by volume.
Thermodynamic properties of difluoromethane journal of. Hfo refers to the chemical composition of the refrigerant. Pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications. The low ozone depletion potential of r22 compared to cfc11 chlorofluorocarbon 11 and cfc12. The search for new refrigerants continued through the 1990s even as the hydrofluorocarbons hfcs were becoming the dominant refrigerants in commercial use. There is no one refrigerant that can be used for all types of applications i. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Physical properties of refrigerants refrigerant mol. The search for environmentfriendly refrigerants for vcr systems encouraged the development of excel addins for refrigerant properties such as that described by oko and diemuodeke 5 for refrigerant r152a.
Desirable chemical and safety properties comprise chemical stability within the working conditions in the refrigeration unit in the presence of used materials and lubricating oil, nonflammability, nontoxicity, good miscibility with oil. Absorption of the refrigerant can affect the insulation material by changing its dielectric strength or physical integrity. Toxicity is the important properties of refrigerants. Many different refrigerants have been used in the past and are in use today with good ability to transfer heat from one place to another. Material properties material properties for gases, fluids and solids densities, specific heats, viscosities and more. Freon refrigerants 4 introduction background chlorodifluoromethane r22 or hcfc22 has been used as a refrigerant in various refrigeration, industrial cooling, air conditioning, and heating applications for over five decades. List of hcfc refrigerants hcfc number chemical name blend composition chemical formula rnumber 262 monochlorodifluoropropane c 3h 5f 2cl 271 monochlorofluoropropane c 3h 6fcl 401a r22152a124 53. This refrigerant is called freon 404a r404a, and its composition is. In todays world, other properties of the refrigerant are more important. Which refrigerants are used in industrial refrigeration plants.
Arti refrigerant database primary and recentlyadded. Duponttm refrigerants, technical information keywords. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. Cfc refers to the chemical composition of the refrigerant. Refrigerant types, properties, designation, examples. Definition, types, classification of refrigerants, advantages, disadvantages, and applications pdf. For more comprehensive data the refrigerant supplier or reference texts should be consulted.
Feb 27, 2018 flammability hydro carbon refrigerants such as ethane, propane are highly flammable. Downing, prenticehall tradeoffs in refrigerant selections. Pentafluoroethane, 1,1,1tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane use. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. This information is provided free of charge and is based on the technical data provided by regulatory. Refrigerants r402a, r402b, and r404a properties, uses. Thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants are necessary for predicting system behaviour and performance of components. Refrigerants characterization refrigerants are characterized based on their. Guidelines for the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in static. Refrigerant 12 dichlorodifluoromethane properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor. Table a1 molar mass, gas constant, and criticalpoint properties table a2 idealgas specific heats of various common gases table a3 properties of common liquids, solids, and foods table a4 saturated watertemperature table table a5 saturated waterpressure table table a6 superheated water table a7 compressed liquid water table a8 saturated icewater vapor. Didion proceedings of ashraenist refrigerants conference oct 1997 hfos new low global warming potential refrigerants s. Chemical refrigerants, subcritical cycle, transcritical cycle, thermo physical properties, co2. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5.
If possible, the refrigerant must be odorless, but easy detection. Who is who the chemical structure of pure fluids such as solstice ze, solstice yf and solstice zd. Pdf thermophysical properties of refrigerants majd. The halo carbon refrigerants are neither flammable nor explosive. Even, it must have no chemical reaction in touch witn metals, polymers and lubricating oils too.
E pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications. Chemical, physical, and environmental properties of ashrae 34. Flammability hydro carbon refrigerants such as ethane, propane are highly flammable. Refrigerants thermodynamic properties evaluation and. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. Agas au11734 r22 is a single component hcfc refrigerant that has historically been used for air conditioning, medium temperature and low temperature refrigeration. The thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigeration system depends mainly on. This chemical process is used over and over again in refrigerators, air conditioners and other machines to keep the items inside consistently cool. The txv approach was the most indicative of actual system performance since this is the type of. R410a, sold under the trademarked names az20, ecofluor r410, forane 410a, genetron r410a, puron, and suva 410a, is a zeotropic but nearazeotropic mixture of difluoromethane ch 2 f 2, called r32 and pentafluoroethane chf 2 cf 3, called r125 that is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning applications. Naming conventions and physical and chemical properties. List important thermodynamic and environmental properties influencing refrigerant selection 5. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. Accurate models for the new refrigerants and refrigerant oil mixtures are essential for designing and analyzing refrigeration and airconditioning systems with reduced environmental.
Linde does not sell all of the products detailed below. The chemical properties of refrigerants are as follows. One of the main chemical properties that drives design differences between r290 and r600a is the total amount of charge each refrigerant can support. The suitability of a refrigerant for a certain application is determined by its physical thermodynamic, chemical properties, and by various practical factors. Write the chemical formula of a refrigerant from its number 6. The objective of this paper is to present thermodynamic properties and characteristics of the binary refrigerant mixtures r 32r 4a in compositions 2080%, 3070%, 4060% by mass and of the. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant author. It is defined as sum of the direct chemical emissions and indirect energy use. Pdf development and validation of an excel addin for. If possible, the refrigerant must be odorless, but easy detection in the air is desirable. Positively innovative r32 daikin chemical europe gmbh. Journal of physical and chemical reference data 23. According to mike opitz, certification manager, leed for existing buildings usgbc, chemical refrigerants are the heart of a large majority of building hvac and refrigeration equipment.
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